Category Robots Podcast

Three and half years ago, I stood on the corner of West Street and gasped as two window washers clung to life at the end of a rope a thousand feet above. By the time rescue crews reached the men on the 69th floor of 1 World Trade they were close to passing out from dangling upside down. Everyday risk-taking men and women hook their bodies to metal scaffolds and ascend to deadly heights for $25 an hour. Ramone Castro, a window washer of three decades, said it best, “It is a very dangerous job. It is not easy going up there. You can replace a machine but not a life.” Castro’s statement sounds like an urgent call to action for robots.

One of the promises of automation is replacing tasks that are too dangerous for humans. Switzerland-based Serbot believes that high-rise facade cleaning is one of those jobs ripe for disruption. In 2010, it was first reported that Serbot contracted with the city of Dubai to automatically clean its massive glass skyline. Utilizing their GEKKO machine, the Swiss company has demonstrated a performance of over 400 square meters an hour, 15 times faster than a professional washer. GEKKO leverages a unique suction technology that enables the massive Roomba-like device to be suspended from the roof and adhere to the curtain wall regardless of weather conditions or architectural features. Serbot offers both semi and full autonomous versions of its GEKKOs, which include options for retrofitting existing roof systems. It is unclear how many robots are actually deployed in the marketplace, however Serbot recently announced the cleaning of the architecturally challenging FESTO’s Automation Center in Germany (shown below).

According to the press release, “The entire building envelope is cleaned automatically: by a robot, called GEKKO Facade, which sucks on the glass facade. This eliminates important disadvantages of conventional cleaning: no disturbance of the user by cleaning personnel, no risky working in a gondola at high altitude, no additional protection during the cleaning phase, etc.” Serbot further states its autonomous system was able to work at amazing speeds cleaning the 8,600 square meter structure within a couple of days via its intelligent platform that plans a route across the entire glass facade.

Parallel to the global trend of urbanization, skyscraper construction is at an all time high. Demand for glass facade materials and maintenance services is close to surpassing $200 billion worldwide. As New York City is in the center of the construction boom, Israeli-startup, Skyline Robotics, recently joined Iconic Labs NYC (ICONYC). This week, I had the opportunity to ask Skyline founder and CEO Yaron Schwarcz about the move. Schwarcz proudly said, “So far we are deployed in Israel only and are working exclusively with one of the top 5 cleaning companies. Joining ICONYC was definitely a step forward, as a rule we only move forward, we believe that ICONIC can and will help us connect with the best investors and help us grow in the NY market.”

While Serbot requires building owners to purchase their proprietary suction cleaning system, Skyline’s machine, called Ozmo, integrates seamlessly with existing equipment. Schwarcz explains, “We use the existing scaffold of the building in contrast to GEKKO’s use of suction. The use of the arms is to copy the human arms which is the only way to fully maintain the entire building and all its complexity. The Ozmo system is not only a window cleaner, it’s a platform for all types of facade maintenance. Ozmo does not need any humans on the rig, never putting people in danger.” Schwarcz further shared with me the results of early case studies in Israel whereby Ozmo cleaned an entire vertical glass building in 80 hours with one supervisor remotely controlling the operation from the ground, adding with “no breaks.”

While Serbot and Skyline offer an optimistic view of the future, past efforts have been met with skepticism. In a 2014 New York Times article, written days after the two window washers almost fell to their deaths, the paper concluded, “washing windows is something that machines still cannot do as well.” The Times interviewed building exterior consultant, Craig S. Caulkins, who stated then, “Robots have problems.” Caulkins says the set back for automation has been the quality of work, citing numerous examples of dirty window corners. “If you are a fastidious owner wanting clean, clean windows so you can take advantage of that very expensive view that you bought, the last thing you want to see is that gray area around the rim of the window,” exclaimed Caulkins. Furthermore, New York City’s window washers are represented by a very active labor union, S.E.I.U. Local 32BJ. The fear of robots replacing their members could lead to city wide protests, and strikes. The S.E.I.U. 32BJ press office did not return calls for comment.

High rise window washing in New York is very much part of the folklore of the Big Apple. One of the best selling local children books, “Window Washer: At Work Above the Clouds,” profiles the former Twin Towers cleaner Roko Camaj. In 1995, Camaj predicted that “Ten years from now, all window washing will probably be done by a machine.” Unfortunately, Camaj never lived to see the innovations of GEKKO and Ozmo, as he perished in the Towers on September the 11th.

Automating high-risk professions will be explored further on June 13th @ 6pm in NYC with Democratic Presidential Candidate Andrew Yang and New York Assemblyman Clyde Vanel at the next RobotLab on “The Politics Of Automation” – Reserve Today!

The Wing can be moved about on a work surface like with a normal mouse, but additionally, the upper body can be pitched, rolled and moved vertically relative to the lower body. The yaw bar, positioned between the upper and lower bodies can also be twisted.

One of the major ways in which drones may change the way we drive and travel is by helping first responders to clear road collisions much more quickly and efficiently.

The most recent prosthetics can stimulate the nerves so that when a person comes in contact with something, they feel sensation with help from electrical impulses.

ANYbotics led the way in the ICRA 2018 Robot Launch Startup Competition on May 22, 2018 at the Brisbane Conference Center in Australia. Although ANYbotics pitched last out of the 10 startups presenting, they clearly won over the judges and audience. As competition winners, ANYbotics received a $3,000 prize from QUT bluebox, Australia’s robotics accelerator (currently taking applications for 2018!), plus Silicon Valley Robotics membership and mentoring from The Robotics Hub.

ANYbotics is a Swiss startup creating fabulous four legged robots like ANYmal and the core component, the ANYdrive highly integrated modular robotic joint actuator. Founded in 2016 by a group of ETH Zurich engineers, ANYbotics is a spin-off company of the Robotic Systems Lab (RSL), ETH Zurich.

ANYmal moves and operates autonomously in challenging terrain and interacts safely with the environment. As a multi-purpose robot platform, it is applicable on industrial indoor or outdoor sites for inspection and manipulation tasks, in natural terrain or debris areas for search and rescue tasks, or on stage for animation and entertainment. Its four legs allow the robot to crawl, walk, run, dance, jump, climb, carry — whatever the task requires.

ANYdrive is a highly integrated modular robotic joint actuator that guarantees

• very precise, low-impedance torque control,
• high impact robustness,
• safe interaction,
• intermittent energy storage and peak power amplification

Motor, gear, titanium spring, sensors, and motor electronics are incorporated in a compact and sealed (IP67) unit and connected by a EtherCAT and power bus. With ANYdrive joint actuators, any kinematic structure such as a robot arm or leg can be built without additional bearings, encoders or power electronics.

ANYdrive’s innovative design allows for highly dynamic movements and collision maneuvers without damage from impulsive contact forces, and at the same time for highly sensitive force controlled interaction with the environment. This is of special interest for robots that should interact with humans, such as collaborative and mobile robots.

The ICRA 2018 Robot Launch Startup Competition was judged by experienced roboticists, investors and entrepreneurs. Roland Siegwart is a Professor at ETH Zurich’s Autonomous Systems Lab and cofounder of many successful robotics spinouts. Juliana Lim is Head of Talent from SG Innovate, a Singapore venture capital arm specializing in pre-seed, seed, startup, early-stage, and Series A investments in deep technologies, starting with artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics.

Yotam Rosenbaum is the ICT Entrepreneur in Residence at QUT bluebox, building on successful exits from global startups. Martin Duursma is a venture partner in Main Sequence Ventures, Australia’s new innovation fund specializing in AI, robotics and deep tech like biotech, quantum computing and the space industry. Chris Moehle is the managing partner at The Robotics Hub Fund, who may invest up to $250,000 in the overall winner of the Robot Launch Startup Competition 2018.

Organized by Silicon Valley Robotics, the Robot Launch competition is in it’s 5th year and has seen hundreds of startups from more than 20 countries around the globe. The MC for the evening, Silicon Valley Robotics Director Andra Keay, said “Some of the best robotics startups come from places like Switzerland or Australia, but to get funding and to grow fast, they usually need to spend some time in Silicon Valley.”

“The Robot Launch competition allows us to reach startups from all over the world and get them in front of top investors. Many of these startups have gone on to win major events and awards like TechCrunch Battlefield and CES Innovation Awards. So we know that robotics is also coming of age.”

As well as ANYbotics, the other 9 startups gave great pitches. In order of appearance they were:

• Purple Robotics
• Micromelon Robotics
• EXGwear
• HEBI Robotics
• Abyss Solutions
• EyeSyght
• Niska Retail Robotics
• Aubot
• Sevensense

Purple Robotics creates drones for work, which fly for 3x longer than, or carry 3x the payload of existing commercial drones, due to their innovative design. They are not standard quadrocopters but they use the same battery technology. Purple Robotics drones are also gust resistant, providing maximum stability in the air and enabling them to fly closer to structures.

Micromelon creates a seamless integration between visual and text coding, with the ability to translate between the two languages in real time. Students and teachers are able to quickly begin programming the wireless robots. The teacher dashboard and software are designed to work together to assist teachers who may have minimal experience in coding, to instruct a class of students through the transition. Students are able to backtrack to blocks, see how the program looks as text or view both views at once students are able to be supported throughout the entire journey.

EXGwear is currently developing a “hands-free”, intuitive interaction method, in the form of a portable wearable device that is extremely compact, non-obtrusive, and comfortable to wear long hours to help disabled people solve their daily interaction problems with the environment. Our first product, EXGbuds, a customizable earbud-like device is based on patent-pending biosensing technology and machine learning-enabled App. It can measure eye movement and facial expression physiological signals at extremely high accuracy to generate user-specific actionable commands for seamless interaction with the smart IoTs and robotic devices.

HEBI Robotics produces Lego-like robotic building blocks. Our platform consists of hardware and software that make it easy to design, build and program world class robotics quickly. Our hardware platform is robust, flexible, and safe. Our cross-platform software development tools take care of the difficult math that’s required to develop a robot so that the roboticist can focus on the creative aspects of robot design.

Abyss Solutions delivers key innovations in Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and sensor technology to collect high fidelity, multi-modal data comprehensively across underwater inspections. By pushing the state-of-the-art in machine learning and data analytics, accurate and efficient condition assessments can be conducted and used to build an asset database. The database is able to grow over repeat inspection and the objectivity of the analytics enables automated change tracking. The output is a comprehensive asset representation that can enable efficient risk management for critical infrastructure.

EyeSyght is TV for your fingers. As humans we use our senses to gather and collect information to analyse the environment around us and create a mental picture of our surroundings. But what about touch? When we operate our smartphones, tablets and computers we interact with a flat piece of glass. Now through the use of Haptic Feedback, Electrical Impulses, Ultra Sound, EyeSyght will enable any surface to render Shapes, Textures, Depth, and much much more.

Niska Retail Robotics is reimagining retail, starting with icecream. “Customer demands are shifting away from products and towards services and experiences.” (CSIRO, 2017) Niska creates wonderful customer experiences with robot servers scooping out delicious gourmet icecream for you, 24/7.

Aubot (‘au’ is to meet in Japanese – pronounced “our-bot”) is focused on building robots that help us in our everyday lives. The company was founded in April 2013 by Marita Cheng, Young Australian of the Year 2012. Our first product, Teleport, is a telepresence robot. Teleport will reduce people’s need to travel while allowing them greater freedom to explore new surroundings. In the future, aubot aims to combine Jeva and Teleport to create a telepresence robot with an arm attached.

Sevensense (still based at ETH Zurich Autonomous Systems Lab) provide a visual localization system tailored to the needs of professional service robots. The use of cameras instead of laser rangefinders enables our product to perform more reliably, particularly in dynamic and geometrically ambiguous environments, and allows for a cost advantage. In addition, we offer market specific application modules along with the engineering services to successfully apply our product on the customer’s machinery.

We thank all the startups for sharing their pitches with us – the main hall at ICRA was packed and we look forward to hearing from more startups in the next rounds of Robot Launch 2018.

Nearly 70 percent of employees believe that robotics and automation offer the opportunity to qualify for higher skilled work. This is the result of a worldwide automatica survey of 7,000 employees in seven countries.

We have already made exciting advances to date, with the ability to print biological materials and cells with unprecedented resolution and fidelity. Put simply, we can do more than print something that looks cool—we can 3D print tissues that actually work.

Solving the challenge of data interoperability exists for the IT function in many situations. For the connected factory this means enabling the flow of information between machines, which in the past has been easier said than done.

In this episode, Abate interviews Andrew Stein from Anki. At Anki they developed an engaging robot called Cozmo which packs sophisticated robotic software inside a lifelike, palm sized, robot. Cozmo recognizes people and objects around him and plays games with them. Cozmo is unique in that a large amount of development has been implemented to make his animations and behavior feel natural, in addition to focusing on classical robotic elements such as computer vision and object manipulation.

Andrew Neil Stein

Andrew Stein is the Head of Robotics & AI at Anki, where he began working on the Cozmo project more than four years ago as the team’s first member. He has contributed to several core systems of the product, including vision, cube manipulation, animation streaming, localization, high-level behaviors, and low-level actions. He earned his Ph.D. from the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University, and his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

 

 

 

 

Links

• Anki’s Website
• Cozmo’s Website
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The International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) is the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society’s flagship conference and is a premier international forum for robotics researchers to present their work. ICRA 2018 is just wrapping up over in Brisbane Australia.

Robohub will be bringing you stories and podcasts in the weeks ahead.

In the meantime, have a look at the #ICRA2018 tweets and nearly 1000 research spotlight videos from the conference!

#icra2018 Tweets

By Catherine Collins

The cost of sea litter in the EU has been estimated at up to €630 million per year. It is mostly composed of plastics, which take hundreds of years to break down in nature, and has the potential to affect human health through the food chain because plastic waste is eaten by the fish that we consume.

By Rob Matheson

The future of transportation in waterway-rich cities such as Amsterdam, Bangkok, and Venice — where canals run alongside and under bustling streets and bridges — may include autonomous boats that ferry goods and people, helping clear up road congestion.

Researchers from MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) and the Senseable City Lab in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning (DUSP), have taken a step toward that future by designing a fleet of autonomous boats that offer high maneuverability and precise control. The boats can also be rapidly 3-D printed using a low-cost printer, making mass manufacturing more feasible.

The boats could be used to taxi people around and to deliver goods, easing street traffic. In the future, the researchers also envision the driverless boats being adapted to perform city services overnight, instead of during busy daylight hours, further reducing congestion on both roads and canals.

“Imagine shifting some of infrastructure services that usually take place during the day on the road — deliveries, garbage management, waste management — to the middle of the night, on the water, using a fleet of autonomous boats,” says CSAIL Director Daniela Rus, co-author on a paper describing the technology that’s being presented at this week’s IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

Moreover, the boats — rectangular 4-by-2-meter hulls equipped with sensors, microcontrollers, GPS modules, and other hardware — could be programmed to self-assemble into floating bridges, concert stages, platforms for food markets, and other structures in a matter of hours. “Again, some of the activities that are usually taking place on land, and that cause disturbance in how the city moves, can be done on a temporary basis on the water,” says Rus, who is the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.

The boats could also be equipped with environmental sensors to monitor a city’s waters and gain insight into urban and human health.

Co-authors on the paper are: first author Wei Wang, a joint postdoc in CSAIL and the Senseable City Lab; Luis A. Mateos and Shinkyu Park, both DUSP postdocs; Pietro Leoni, a research fellow, and Fábio Duarte, a research scientist, both in DUSP and the Senseable City Lab; Banti Gheneti, a graduate student in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; and Carlo Ratti, a principal investigator and professor of the practice in the DUSP and director of the MIT Senseable City Lab.

Better design and control

The work was conducted as part of the “Roboat” project, a collaboration between the MIT Senseable City Lab and the Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions (AMS). In 2016, as part of the project, the researchers tested a prototype that cruised around the city’s canals, moving forward, backward, and laterally along a preprogrammed path.

The ICRA paper details several important new innovations: a rapid fabrication technique, a more efficient and agile design, and advanced trajectory-tracking algorithms that improve control, precision docking and latching, and other tasks. 

To make the boats, the researchers 3-D-printed a rectangular hull with a commercial printer, producing 16 separate sections that were spliced together. Printing took around 60 hours. The completed hull was then sealed by adhering several layers of fiberglass.

Integrated onto the hull are a power supply, Wi-Fi antenna, GPS, and a minicomputer and microcontroller. For precise positioning, the researchers incorporated an indoor ultrasound beacon system and outdoor real-time kinematic GPS modules, which allow for centimeter-level localization, as well as an inertial measurement unit (IMU) module that monitors the boat’s yaw and angular velocity, among other metrics.

The boat is a rectangular shape, instead of the traditional kayak or catamaran shapes, to allow the vessel to move sideways and to attach itself to other boats when assembling other structures. Another simple yet effective design element was thruster placement. Four thrusters are positioned in the center of each side, instead of at the four corners, generating forward and backward forces. This makes the boat more agile and efficient, the researchers say.

The team also developed a method that enables the boat to track its position and orientation more quickly and accurately. To do so, they developed an efficient version of a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) algorithm, generally used to control and navigate robots within various constraints.

The NMPC and similar algorithms have been used to control autonomous boats before. But typically those algorithms are tested only in simulation or don’t account for the dynamics of the boat. The researchers instead incorporated in the algorithm simplified nonlinear mathematical models that account for a few known parameters, such as drag of the boat, centrifugal and Coriolis forces, and added mass due to accelerating or decelerating in water. The researchers also used an identification algorithm that then identifies any unknown parameters as the boat is trained on a path.

Finally, the researchers used an efficient predictive-control platform to run their algorithm, which can rapidly determine upcoming actions and increases the algorithm’s speed by two orders of magnitude over similar systems. While other algorithms execute in about 100 milliseconds, the researchers’ algorithm takes less than 1 millisecond.

Testing the waters

To demonstrate the control algorithm’s efficacy, the researchers deployed a smaller prototype of the boat along preplanned paths in a swimming pool and in the Charles River. Over the course of 10 test runs, the researchers observed average tracking errors — in positioning and orientation — smaller than tracking errors of traditional control algorithms.

That accuracy is thanks, in part, to the boat’s onboard GPS and IMU modules, which determine position and direction, respectively, down to the centimeter. The NMPC algorithm crunches the data from those modules and weighs various metrics to steer the boat true. The algorithm is implemented in a controller computer and regulates each thruster individually, updating every 0.2 seconds.

“The controller considers the boat dynamics, current state of the boat, thrust constraints, and reference position for the coming several seconds, to optimize how the boat drives on the path,” Wang says. “We can then find optimal force for the thrusters that can take the boat back to the path and minimize errors.”

The innovations in design and fabrication, as well as faster and more precise control algorithms, point toward feasible driverless boats used for transportation, docking, and self-assembling into platforms, the researchers say.

A next step for the work is developing adaptive controllers to account for changes in mass and drag of the boat when transporting people and goods. The researchers are also refining the controller to account for wave disturbances and stronger currents.

“We actually found that the Charles River has much more current than in the canals in Amsterdam,” Wang says. “But there will be a lot of boats moving around, and big boats will bring big currents, so we still have to consider this.”

The work was supported by a grant from AMS.

By Larry Hardesty

In the field of self-driving cars, algorithms for controlling lane changes are an important topic of study. But most existing lane-change algorithms have one of two drawbacks: Either they rely on detailed statistical models of the driving environment, which are difficult to assemble and too complex to analyze on the fly; or they’re so simple that they can lead to impractically conservative decisions, such as never changing lanes at all.

At the International Conference on Robotics and Automation tomorrow, researchers from MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) will present a new lane-change algorithm that splits the difference. It allows for more aggressive lane changes than the simple models do but relies only on immediate information about other vehicles’ directions and velocities to make decisions.

“The motivation is, ‘What can we do with as little information as possible?’” says Alyssa Pierson, a postdoc at CSAIL and first author on the new paper. “How can we have an autonomous vehicle behave as a human driver might behave? What is the minimum amount of information the car needs to elicit that human-like behavior?”

Pierson is joined on the paper by Daniela Rus, the Viterbi Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Sertac Karaman, associate professor of aeronautics and astronautics; and Wilko Schwarting, a graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science.

“The optimization solution will ensure navigation with lane changes that can model an entire range of driving styles, from conservative to aggressive, with safety guarantees,” says Rus, who is the director of CSAIL.

One standard way for autonomous vehicles to avoid collisions is to calculate buffer zones around the other vehicles in the environment. The buffer zones describe not only the vehicles’ current positions but their likely future positions within some time frame. Planning lane changes then becomes a matter of simply staying out of other vehicles’ buffer zones.

For any given method of computing buffer zones, algorithm designers must prove that it guarantees collision avoidance, within the context of the mathematical model used to describe traffic patterns. That proof can be complex, so the optimal buffer zones are usually computed in advance. During operation, the autonomous vehicle then calls up the precomputed buffer zones that correspond to its situation.

The problem is that if traffic is fast enough and dense enough, precomputed buffer zones may be too restrictive. An autonomous vehicle will fail to change lanes at all, whereas a human driver would cheerfully zip around the roadway.

With the MIT researchers’ system, if the default buffer zones are leading to performance that’s far worse than a human driver’s, the system will compute new buffer zones on the fly — complete with proof of collision avoidance.

That approach depends on a mathematically efficient method of describing buffer zones, so that the collision-avoidance proof can be executed quickly. And that’s what the MIT researchers developed.

They begin with a so-called Gaussian distribution — the familiar bell-curve probability distribution. That distribution represents the current position of the car, factoring in both its length and the uncertainty of its location estimation.

Then, based on estimates of the car’s direction and velocity, the researchers’ system constructs a so-called logistic function. Multiplying the logistic function by the Gaussian distribution skews the distribution in the direction of the car’s movement, with higher speeds increasing the skew.

The skewed distribution defines the vehicle’s new buffer zone. But its mathematical description is so simple — using only a few equation variables — that the system can evaluate it on the fly.

The researchers tested their algorithm in a simulation including up to 16 autonomous cars driving in an environment with several hundred other vehicles.

“The autonomous vehicles were not in direct communication but ran the proposed algorithm in parallel without conflict or collisions,” explains Pierson. “Each car used a different risk threshold that produced a different driving style, allowing us to create conservative and aggressive drivers. Using the static, precomputed buffer zones would only allow for conservative driving, whereas our dynamic algorithm allows for a broader range of driving styles.”

This project was supported, in part, by the Toyota Research Institute and the Office of Naval Research.

The European Robotics Forum 2018 (ERF2018), the most influential meeting of the robotics community in Europe, took place in Tampere on 13-15 March 2018. ERF2018 brought together over 900 leading scientists, companies, and policymakers.

Under the theme “Robots and Us”, the over 50 workshops cover current societal and technical themes, including human-robot-collaboration and how robotics can improve industrial productivity and service sector operations.

Click on the list below to watch: Opening Ceremony (13 March), euRobotics Awards Ceremony (14 March), Opening reception (13 March), and the following workshops:

The new H2020 robotics projects in the SPARC strategy
EU Projects offering services
Innovation in H2020 projects – EC Innovation Radar Prize 2017
Success Stories – Step Change Results from FP7 Projects
Drafting a Robot Manifesto
Innovation with Robotics in Regional Clusters

Credits: Visual Outcasts, Tampere Talo, Olli Perttula

Ocado , the UK leader in home-delivered groceries from robot-run distribution centers, has established a licensing deal with US grocery chain Kroger (NYSE:KR) whereby Kroger will take a 5% stake in Ocado – an investment valued at ~$247.5 million and Ocado will help Kroger set up systems to manage online ordering, fulfillment and delivery operations utilizing Ocado-proven technologies. Ocado will see the Kroger chain build up to 20 Ocado-designed robot-run warehouses over its first three years.

In a recent letter to Kroger stockholders, CEO Rodney McMullen said that Kroger is redeploying capital to emphasize improving its digital capabilities and enabling customers to shop in the store, by ordering online and picking up their order at the store, or getting their groceries delivered to their homes. Although McMullen didn’t single out Amazon or any other competitors in the supermarket arena, Amazon’s acquisition of Whole Foods and Walmart’s price-cutting moves and partnering with online grocery deliver service Instacart are rapidly changing the landscape of grocery shopping.

“Kroger is right in the middle of such a reinvention,” McMullen said in the shareholder letter. “We are proactively addressing customer changes and we’re making strategic investments to create the future of retail: a seamless digital experience, customer-centric technology solutions, an enhanced associate experience, space-optimized stores and smart-priced products.”

Ocado has begun to commercialize its technologies and signed its first major deal outside the U.K. with Casino, the operator of French supermarket chain Monoprix. Then came Canada’s Sobeys in January, and this month it was the turn of Sweden’s ICA. The Kroger deal is the biggest yet, and Ocado’s share price is at the time of writing up 56% on the news.

Ocado invested $57.5 million on technology in 2017, up from $46 million the previous year. The company is developing and deploying proprietary technology, has a tech staff of 1,100, and uses about 500 robots interacting with each other on a stacked grid which has allowed it to process more than 20,000 daily orders.

Earlier this year (in February) Ocado raised ~$192.5 million by selling shares. Back then the stock was priced at £487. Today it closed at £861, an increase of 76%!